1. Respiration overview
Respiration in cells
Glycolysis and anaerobic pathways
2. Aerobic stages
Link reaction and Krebs cycle
ETC and oxidative phosphorylation
3. Respiration analysis
ATP yield logic
Respiratory quotient and substrate use
4. Skeletal system
Tissues of skeletal system
Joint mechanics and movement
5. Muscle biology
Muscle types and fibres
Sliding filament mechanism
6. Cardiac physiology
Cardiac muscle features
SAN/AVN and conduction pathway
7. Exercise response
Heart rate and cardiac output
Breathing-rate control
8. Homeostasis basics
Principles of homeostasis
Negative feedback loops
9. Kidney function
Nephron structure and filtration
Selective reabsorption
Edexcel IAL Biology
Unit 5 (WBI15/01)
10. Osmoregulation
ADH and collecting duct control
Water-balance scenarios
11. Thermoregulation
Temperature control mechanisms
Thermoregulation during exercise
12. Neurone structure
Neurone structure and types
Myelination and conduction speed
13. Action potentials
Action potential stages
Refractory period implications
14. Synapses & drugs
Synaptic transmission
Drug effects on nervous system
15. Sensory systems
Retina and photoreceptors
Light adaptation and response
16. CNS/PNS coordination
Central nervous system roles
Peripheral pathways and reflexes
17. Plant coordination
Plant hormones and growth control
Phytochrome and flowering
18. Gene technology
Recombinant DNA steps
Microarray, bioinformatics and GMOs