1. Respiration fundamentals
ATP as energy currency
Substrate-level vs oxidative phosphorylation
2. Respiration analysis
Respirometer logic
RQ and respiratory substrates
3. Photosynthesis core
Chloroplast structure-function
LDR and LIR integration
4. Light reactions depth
Electron transport & chemiosmosis
Cyclic vs non-cyclic photophosphorylation
5. Homeostasis
Kidney and ultrafiltration
Osmoregulation and ADH pathway
6. Blood glucose control
Insulin-glucagon antagonism
Endocrine negative feedback
7. Neural communication
Myelination and conduction speed
Synaptic transmission
8. Hormonal coordination
Plant hormones and responses
Ethylene / ABA / gibberellin interactions
9. Inheritance basics
Gene, genotype, phenotype
Monohybrid and genotype ratios
CIE Biology 9700
P4 A2 Structured
10. Meiosis and variation
Crossing over and independent assortment
Genetic variation to evolution
11. Selection and evolution
Stabilising / directional / disruptive
Speciation mechanisms
12. Biodiversity & classification
Phylogenetic evidence from DNA
Conservation decision logic
13. Gene regulation
Operons and transcription control
Epigenetic and expression context
14. Genetic technology
Microarray workflow and interpretation
Gene editing and targeted therapy
15. Population genetics
Founder effect and drift
Selection pressure in human disease
16. Data interpretation
Graph trend + data quote integration
Comparative judgement with evidence
17. Genetic analysis methods
Chi-squared test in inheritance
Pedigree and sex linkage logic
18. Molecular biotechnology
PCR and gel electrophoresis
Vectors, transformation and screening