1. Rate laws & orders
Rate constant \(k\) & units from order
Orders from initial-rate data
2. Concentration–time & RX rate
\([A]\)–time graph \(\rightarrow\) initial rate
Halogenoalkane hydrolysis rate law
3. Gas-phase kinetics & entropy drill
\(\mathrm{NO}+\mathrm{O_2}\) orders & \(k\)
\(\mathrm{N_2O}\) decomposition \(\Delta S_\mathrm{sys,total}\)
4. Entropy & equilibrium constants
\(\Delta S_\mathrm{system}\), \(\Delta S_\mathrm{surroundings}\)
\(K\) and \(\Delta S_\mathrm{total}\) / \(\ln K\)
5. \(K_c\) & monitored redox rates
ICE tables & \(K_c\) from moles
\(\mathrm{BrO_3^-}\) / \(\mathrm{Br^-}\) — \(k\) units & monitoring
6. \(K_p\) & partial pressures
\(K_p\) expression & mole fraction
\(K_p\) units & \(T\) on \(K\)
7. Lattice energy & Born–Haber
Born–Haber cycles & \(\Delta_\mathrm{LE}H\)
\(\mathrm{NH_3}\) contact process — \(T\), \(P\), catalyst
8. Enthalpy cycles (solution / salts)
\(\Delta_\mathrm{sol}H\), \(\Delta_\mathrm{hyd}H\) links
Multi-step ionic cycles (nitrate etc.)
9. pH, \(K_\mathrm{a}\), \(K_\mathrm{w}\)
Weak acid \(\mathrm{pH}\) from \(K_\mathrm{a}\)
Strong diprotic base \(\mathrm{Ba(OH)_2}\)
10. Buffer solutions
Henderson–Hasselbalch & ratio
After adding strong acid/base
11. Titration curves & indicators
Weak acid–strong base curve features
Indicator \(\mathrm{p}K_\mathrm{a}\) vs steep region
12. Biological / context buffers
\(\mathrm{CO_2}\) / exercise & cell \(\mathrm{pH}\)
Tris (weak base) buffer calculations
13. Carbonyl reactivity
\(\mathrm{HCN}\) / \(\mathrm{CN^-}\) nucleophilic addition
Aldehyde vs ketone — oxidation tests
14. Carboxylic acids & derivatives
Ester hydrolysis (acid / base)
Acyl chlorides — mechanism outline
15. Chirality & optical activity
Chiral centres & racemic mixtures
Hexane-2,5-dione & enol/keto context
16. NMR & related techniques
\(^{13}\mathrm{C}\) NMR — counting environments
\(^1\mathrm{H}\) NMR — ester, splitting, \(\delta\)